Gall Insects
Forest Health Guide for Georgia Foresters Written by Terry Price, Georgia Forestry Commission Adapted for the web by the Bugwood Network
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Galls are abnormal vegetative growths on trees that result from the feeding and egg laying activities of various insects and mites. Chemical secretions from the adults while laying eggs as well as the saliva from the feeding larvae cause the plant to react abnormally.
The more common gall producers on trees are aphids, beetles, jumping plant lice, midges, mites and wasps. Each species causes a swelling of plant tissue that is characteristic on specific plant parts such as the stem, twig, leaf or petiole. Most often the gall is more readily identified than the gall producer. It is convenient to identify galls and their producers simply by noting where the gall is located and also the shape of the gall. Table two lists some of the more common trees that are frequently attacked by gall producers along with a description and location of the gall.
Generally galls are not life threatening to trees. Oftentimes the most drastic effects are premature leaf fall and dieback of several smaller branches.
On small trees galls should be pruned and destroyed. Leaf and twig litter that is on the ground around the base of the tree should be raked and disposed of. A few of the common species are shown in (Figures 83-85).
Figure 83 - Cynipid oak galls photo by Ronald F. Billings
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Figure 84 - Wool sower galls on white oak photo by Terry Price
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Figure 85 - Leaf galls on black cherry photo by Andrew J. Boone
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Tree |
Location |
Gall Description |
Occurrence |
Name/Organism |
Ash |
leaf |
reddish-brown bullet shaped |
summer |
ash bullet gall/midge |
|
midrib |
swollen ¼"-½" |
summer |
ash bullet gall/midge |
Beech |
leaf |
white/buff velvety pile |
summer |
Erineum gall/mite |
Birch |
seed |
swollen infertile |
spring |
birch seed midge |
Boxelder |
bud |
½"-1" swollen |
spring |
boxelder bud gall/midge |
|
leaf |
nearly spherical, 1/10" diameter |
spring-summer |
boxelder leaf gall/midge |
Cherry, Black |
twig |
irregular black swellings |
year-round |
back knot/fungus |
|
bud/shoot |
irregular red or yellow |
spring |
wild cherry bud gall/midge |
Chestnut |
bud |
swollen bud or petiole |
spring |
chestnut bud gall/wasp |
Dogwood |
twigs |
club-shaped swellings |
summer |
dogwood club gall/midge |
|
stem |
irregular ½"-1" |
summer |
dogwood stem gall/midge |
Hackberry |
petiole |
kidney-shaped |
summer |
hackberry petiole gall/ plant lice |
|
stem |
irregular ½"-1" |
summer |
dogwood stem gall/midge |
Hackberry |
petiole |
kidney-shaped |
summer |
hackberry petiole gall/ plant lice |
|
leaf |
Large nipple-like |
summer |
hackberry nipple gall/ plant lice |
Hickory |
leaf |
cylindrical, green slanting |
summer |
hickory tube gall/midge |
|
twig/leaf stem |
new galls-green, old galls black |
spring-summer |
hickory gall/phylloxeran |
Locust, Black |
leaflets |
folded |
early summer |
locust midge |
&npsp; |
twig/stem |
fusiform swellings |
summer |
locust twig gall/midge |
Locust, Honey |
leaflets |
folded or marginal leaf rolls |
early summer |
honey locust gall/midge |
Maple |
leaf |
sac-like |
summer |
maple bladder gall/mite |
Oak |
leaf |
various shapes |
summer-fall |
oak apple galls/wasp |
|
bud |
urn-shaped |
spring-summer |
leafy oak gall/wasp |
Pine |
new shoots |
spindle shaped |
spring-summer |
pine gall sawfly |
|
twigs/stems |
globular resin masses |
spring-summer |
southern pitch midge |
Poplar |
petiole |
globose ridged |
summer |
ribbed petiole gall/moth |
|
leaf, stem, petiole |
oval with transverse openings |
summer |
poplar leaf stem gall/aphid |
Willow |
branch/stem |
globose galls |
summer |
willow borer/beetle |
|
bud/leaf |
various shapes |
spring-summer |
various names midge/sawfly |
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